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ackman678
2018-10-29 10:40:53 -07:00
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neurotransmitters2.md
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@@ -62,7 +62,21 @@ Metabotropic transmitter receptors are G-protein coupled receptors, also known a
* ion channel opens
* ions flow across membrane
Effector enzymes for activated G-proteins include adenylyl cyclase (ATP->cAMP), phopholipase C, guanylyl cyclase (GTP->cGMP) etc. Then downstream second messsaging (cAMP, diacylglycerol, IP3) --> protein kinases, Ca2+. And then more phosphorylation state changes.
Effector enzymes for activated G-proteins include:
* Gs: --> adenylyl cyclase --> ATP--> cAMP --> PKA --> incr prot phosphor
* Gq: phopholipase C --> [DAG --> PKC; IP3 --> Ca^2+^] --> incr prot phosphor, Ca binding proteins
* Gi: --< adenylyl cyclase --< cAMP --< PKA --> decr prot phosphor
* Or guanylyl cyclase (GTP->cGMP) --> Protein kinase G etc.
* All G-protein receptor activations lead to downstream second messsaging (cAMP, diacylglycerol, IP3) --> protein kinases, Ca2+ --> leading to phosphorylation state changes including... ion channels
* Three amplification steps here! (receptor production of G proteins, adenylyl cyclase production of cAMP, protein kinase substrate phosphorylation). Source signal amplification.
* 3% of our genome is codes for protein phosphorlation state genes (500 protein kinases and 200 protein phosphatases)
* cAMP dependent protein kinases (PKA)
* Ca^2+^ - calmodulin depedent protein kinase type II (CaMKII predominant in neurons, most abundant protein component of the post synaptic density)
* Protein kinase C (PKC)- activated by Ca^2+ (moves PKC from cytosol to membrane) and diacylglycerol (DAG) and then phosphorylates substrates
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@@ -291,7 +305,7 @@ Even though these ionotropic channels opened by ACh are permeable to both Na and
In fact the Na⁺ and K⁺ permeabilities of the nAChR channel are similar, therefore the **magnitudes of the Na⁺ and K⁺ currents depends on the driving forces present for each ion**
---
--
## Na⁺ and K⁺ movements during EPCs and EPPs
@@ -353,7 +367,7 @@ Note:
---
## Excitatory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
## Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
<!-- <figure><figcaption class="big">EPSP mediated by glutamate activating nonselective cation channels</figcaption><img src="figs/Neuroscience5e-Fig-05.21-0_807c820.jpg" width="500px"><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Fig. 5.21</figcaption></figure> -->
@@ -474,8 +488,7 @@ Note:
<div><video height=400px controls src="figs/Animation05-02SummationofPostsynapticPotentials_OC.mp4"></video><figcaption>Neuroscience 5e Animation 5.2</figcaption></div>
---
<!--
## Midterm 1
```
@@ -487,3 +500,5 @@ median 84
```
<div><img src="figs/Midterm1-hist.png" height="400px"></div>
-->