Abstr shortened

references.txt

@@ -273,4 +273,5 @@ http://vision.ucsd.edu/~pdollar/toolbox/doc/index.html
 
 [#Bullmore:2009]: Bullmore, E. and Sporns, O. (2009).  Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems, Nat Rev Neurosci, 10(3), 186-98
 
+[#Ackman:2014]: Ackman, J. B. and Crair, M. C. (2014).  Role of emergent neural activity in visual map development, Curr Opin Neurobiol, 24C(), 166-175
 

wholeBrain_main.md

@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ James B. Ackman¹, Hongkui Zeng², and Michael C. Crair¹
 
 # Summary  
 
-The cerebral cortex exhibits spontaneous and sensory evoked patterns of activity during development that are crucial for the activity-dependent formation and refinement of neural circuits. Knowing the source and flow of these activity patterns locally and globally is crucial to understanding self-organization in the developing brain. Here we show that neural population activity within newborn mice in vivo is characterized by spatially discrete domains that are coordinated in a state dependent and areal dependent fashion throughout developing neocortex. Whole brain optical recordings from neonatal mice expressing a genetic calcium reporter showed that ongoing activity in the cerebral cortex was characterized by distinct and repetitively active domains measuring hundreds of microns in diameter. Domain activity exhibited mirror-symmetric patterns between the hemispheres, with strong correlations between specific portions of frontal and parietal cortex. Ongoing activity across the cortical hemispheres showed characteristic network architectures with a frontal-motor regions functionally connected to a parietal-sensory areas through secondary motor/cingulate cortex, retrosplenial cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. Furthermore, ongoing activity was regulated by physiological state with cortical regions exhibiting areal dependent coordination of activity with motor behavior differentially during the course of development. This study provides the first comprehensive description of population activity in the developing neocortex at a scope and scale that bridges the microscopic or macroscopic spatiotemporal resolutions provided by traditional neurophysiological or neuroimaging techniques. Mesoscale maps of cortical population dynamics within animal models will be vital to future engineering of repair strategies and brain-machine interfaces for neurodevelopmental disorders.
+The cerebral cortex exhibits spontaneous and sensory evoked patterns of activity during development that are vital for the activity-dependent formation and refinement of neural circuits. Identifying the source and flow of these activity patterns locally and globally is vital to understanding self-organization in the developing brain. Here we use whole brain transcranial optical imaging to show that the dynamical patterns of neuronal activity in developing mouse neocortex consists of spatially discrete domains that are coordinated in an age, region, and state- dependent fashion. Ongoing cortical activity displayed mirror-symmetric activation patterns across the cerebral hemispheres and showed characteristic network architectures that were shaped during development, with frontal-parietal areas functionally connected to occipital regions regions through cingulate and motor cortex. This study provides the first broad description of population activity in the developing neocortex at a scope and scale that bridges the microscopic and macroscopic spatiotemporal resolutions provided by traditional neurophysiological or functional neuroimaging techniques. Mesoscale maps of cortical population dynamics within animal models will be crucial for future efforts to understand and treat neurodevelopmental disorders.
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+<!-- Furthermore, ongoing activity was regulated by physiological state with cortical regions exhibiting areal dependent coordination of activity with motor behavior differentially during the course of development.  -->
 
 # Introduction
 
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ Cortical domain frequency among different regions scaled as a function of net co
 
 ## Cortical activity is coordinated with motor behavior
 
-Next we assessed mesoscale cortical activity patterns as a function of physiological state and motor behavior. It has previously been demonstrated that general anesthesia abolishes spontaneous retinal wave activity in visual system [#Ackman:2012] and spontaneous activity in entorhinal cortex [#Adelsberger:2005]. We found that during anesthesia induction, there is rapid (<60 s) knock down of cortical activity (Supplementary Movie) (Supplementary Fig) at all ages. While in neonates, no cortical activity was found during general anesthesia, at P12-13 within ~10-20min after general induction we found altered spontaneous patterns, with short duration, large diameter population activities synchronizing multiple cortical regions. (Supplementary Movie). The less snesnitviity of spinal networks vs cortical networks may be because they are more matur e earlier. Consisttent with a maturaltional dependence, we found cortical networks at end of second postinatl week to be more robsust in presence of anesthesia, but with altered patterns ensuing.
+Next we assessed mesoscale cortical activity patterns as a function of physiological state and motor behavior. It has previously been demonstrated that general anesthesia abolishes spontaneous retinal wave activity in visual system [#Ackman:2012] and spontaneous activity in entorhinal cortex [#Adelsberger:2005]. We found that during anesthesia induction, there is rapid (<60 s) knock down of cortical activity (Supplementary Movie) (Supplementary Fig) at all ages. While in neonates, no cortical activity was found during general anesthesia, at P12-13 within ~10-20min after general induction we found altered spontaneous patterns, with short duration, large diameter population activities synchronizing multiple cortical regions. (Supplementary Movie). The continued spinal motor activity during early anesthesia and the altered cortical activity patterns that ensue under anesthesia at P12-13 suggest a maturational dependence of isoflurane anesthesia on neural activity that affects brain regions differentially during development.
 
 We monitored motor movements simultaneously with cortical activity during our fMOI recordings to gain insight into the relationship between motor behavior output to cerebral cortical dynamics during development. The highest levels of synchronized cortical domain activity occurred during periods of relatively sparse motor behavior whereas the lowest levels of synchronized cortical activity occurred during periods of increased motor movement (Fig. 3c-e). Variation in the strength of correlation between cortical areas and the motor movement signal depended on both brain region (p < 2.2e-16, anova) and age (p = 1.627e-05, anova) (Fig 3c-f). Interestingly, the first age group in which motor cortex exhibited signficant positive correlation with motor movements was at P12-13 (r=0.06±0.02, p-value = 0.001449, t-test) (Fig. 3f). We hypothesized that just before eye opening around P11-P13 there will be a shift with significant zero lag or preceding correlation between motor cortex and the motor movement signals perhaps conincciding with teh begining fo ggoal directed behavior. Motor and state dependent behavior surprisingly complex, even in neonates.