neuronal densities

OMEGA.bib

@@ -87247,12 +87247,13 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a
 	Keywords = {Visual Cortex;Visual Cortex/anatomy &histology/physiology;Cerebral Cortex/anatomy &histology/*physiology;Human;Mammals/*physiology;Mammals;Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;M;Evolution;review, tutorial;Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.;Animals;Humans;Cerebral Cortex;review;*Evolution},
 	Medline = {96048677},
 	Month = {9},
-	Nlm_Id = {7808616},
+    nlmuniqueid = {7808616},
 	Number = {9},
 	Organization = {Neurobiology Unit, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA.},
 	Pages = {373-9},
 	Pii = {016622369593932N},
 	Pubmed = {7482801},
+    doi = {10.1016/0166-2236(95)93932-n},
 	Title = {The emergence and evolution of mammalian neocortex},
 	Uuid = {0BAEF209-062A-4194-85E6-4DA30F6A9908},
 	Volume = {18},
@@ -112964,3 +112965,170 @@ CONCLUSIONS: Centrifugal axons in the macaque retina are part of the system of a
   nlmuniqueid = {7502533}
 }
 
+@article{Herculano-Houzel2019,
+  title = {Longevity and sexual maturity vary across species with number of cortical neurons, and humans are no exception.},
+  author = {Herculano-Houzel, Suzana},
+  journal = {J Comp Neurol},
+  volume = {527},
+  number = {10},
+  year = {2019},
+  month = {07},
+  pages = {1689-1705},
+  abstract = {Maximal longevity of endotherms has long been considered to increase with decreasing specific metabolic rate, and thus with increasing body mass. Using a dataset of over 700 species, here I show that maximal longevity, age at sexual maturity, and postmaturity longevity across bird and mammalian species instead correlate primarily, and universally, with the number of cortical brain neurons. Correlations with metabolic rate and body mass are entirely explained by clade-specific relationships between these variables and numbers of cortical neurons across species. Importantly, humans reach sexual maturity and subsequently live just as long as expected for their number of cortical neurons, which eliminates the basis for earlier theories of protracted childhood and prolonged post-menopause longevity as derived human characteristics. Longevity might increase together with numbers of cortical neurons through their impact on three main factors: delay of sexual maturity, which postpones the onset of aging; lengthening of the period of viable physiological integration and adaptation, which increases postmaturity longevity; and improved cognitive capabilities that benefit survival of the self and of longer-lived progeny, and are conducive to prolonged learning and cultural transmission through increased generational overlap. Importantly, the findings indicate that theories of aging and neurodegenerative diseases should take absolute time lived besides relative "age" into consideration.},
+  keywords = {AnAge; body size; cerebral cortex; longevity; metabolic rate; number of neurons; scaling; sexual maturity; Aging; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Female; Humans; Longevity; Male; Neurons; Sexual Maturation; Species Specificity; },
+  pubmed = {30350858},
+  doi = {10.1002/cne.24564},
+  url = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_JCompNeurol2019-30350858.pdf},
+  nlmuniqueid = {0406041}
+}
+
+@article{Ren2021,
+  title = {Characterizing Cortex-Wide Dynamics with Wide-Field Calcium Imaging.},
+  author = {Ren, Chi and Komiyama, Takaki},
+  journal = {J Neurosci},
+  volume = {41},
+  number = {19},
+  year = {2021},
+  month = {May},
+  pages = {4160-4168},
+  abstract = {The brain functions through coordinated activity among distributed regions. Wide-field calcium imaging, combined with improved genetically encoded calcium indicators, allows sufficient signal-to-noise ratio and spatiotemporal resolution to afford a unique opportunity to capture cortex-wide dynamics on a moment-by-moment basis in behaving animals. Recent applications of this approach have been uncovering cortical dynamics at unprecedented scales during various cognitive processes, ranging from relatively simple sensorimotor integration to more complex decision-making tasks. In this review, we will highlight recent scientific advances enabled by wide-field calcium imaging in behaving mice. We then summarize several technical considerations and future opportunities for wide-field imaging to uncover large-scale circuit dynamics.},
+  pubmed = {33893217},
+  pii = {JNEUROSCI.3003-20.2021},
+  doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3003-20.2021},
+  url = {papers/Ren_JNeurosci2021-33893217.pdf},
+  nlmuniqueid = {8102140}
+}
+
+
+@article{Mortensen2014,
+  title = {Quantitative relationships in delphinid neocortex.},
+  author = {Mortensen, Heidi S and Pakkenberg, Bente and Dam, Maria and Dietz, Rune and Sonne, Christian and Mikkelsen, Bjarni and Eriksen, Nina},
+  journal = {Front Neuroanat},
+  volume = {8},
+  year = {2014},
+  pages = {132},
+  abstract = {Possessing large brains and complex behavioral patterns, cetaceans are believed to be highly intelligent. Their brains, which are the largest in the Animal Kingdom and have enormous gyrification compared with terrestrial mammals, have long been of scientific interest. Few studies, however, report total number of brain cells in cetaceans, and even fewer have used unbiased counting methods. In this study, using stereological methods, we estimated the total number of cells in the neocortex of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) brain. For the first time, we show that a species of dolphin has more neocortical neurons than any mammal studied to date including humans. These cell numbers are compared across various mammals with different brain sizes, and the function of possessing many neurons is discussed. We found that the long-finned pilot whale neocortex has approximately 37.2 × 10(9) neurons, which is almost twice as many as humans, and 127 × 10(9) glial cells. Thus, the absolute number of neurons in the human neocortex is not correlated with the superior cognitive abilities of humans (at least compared to cetaceans) as has previously been hypothesized. However, as neuron density in long-finned pilot whales is lower than that in humans, their higher cell number appears to be due to their larger brain. Accordingly, our findings make an important contribution to the ongoing debate over quantitative relationships in the mammalian brain. },
+  pubmed = {25505387},
+  doi = {10.3389/fnana.2014.00132},
+  pmc = {PMC4244864},
+  url = {papers/Mortensen_FrontNeuroanat2014-25505387.pdf},
+  nlmuniqueid = {101477943}
+}
+
+@article{Herculano-Houzel2015,
+  title = {Mammalian Brains Are Made of These: A Dataset of the Numbers and Densities of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells in the Brain of Glires, Primates, Scandentia, Eulipotyphlans, Afrotherians and Artiodactyls, and Their Relationship with Body Mass.},
+  author = {Herculano-Houzel, Suzana and Catania, Kenneth and Manger, Paul R and Kaas, Jon H},
+  journal = {Brain Behav Evol},
+  volume = {86},
+  number = {3-4},
+  year = {2015},
+  pages = {145-63},
+  abstract = {Comparative studies amongst extant species are one of the pillars of evolutionary neurobiology. In the 20th century, most comparative studies remained restricted to analyses of brain structure volume and surface areas, besides estimates of neuronal density largely limited to the cerebral cortex. Over the last 10 years, we have amassed data on the numbers of neurons and other cells that compose the entirety of the brain (subdivided into cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and rest of brain) of 39 mammalian species spread over 6 clades, as well as their densities. Here we provide that entire dataset in a format that is readily useful to researchers of any area of interest in the hope that it will foster the advancement of evolutionary and comparative studies well beyond the scope of neuroscience itself. We also reexamine the relationship between numbers of neurons, neuronal densities and body mass, and find that in the rest of brain, but not in the cerebral cortex or cerebellum, there is a single scaling rule that applies to average neuronal cell size, which increases with the linear dimension of the body, even though there is no single scaling rule that relates the number of neurons in the rest of brain to body mass. Thus, larger bodies do not uniformly come with more neurons--but they do fairly uniformly come with larger neurons in the rest of brain, which contains a number of structures directly connected to sources or targets in the body.},
+  keywords = {Animals; Artiodactyla; Biological Evolution; Body Size; Brain; Cell Count; Cell Size; Mammals; Neuroglia; Neurons; Primates; Scandentia; },
+  pubmed = {26418466},
+  pii = {000437413},
+  doi = {10.1159/000437413},
+  url = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_BrainBehavEvol2015-26418466.pdf},
+  nlmuniqueid = {0151620}
+}
+
+@article{Collins2016,
+  title = {Cortical cell and neuron density estimates in one chimpanzee hemisphere.},
+  author = {Collins, Christine E and Turner, Emily C and Sawyer, Eva Kille and Reed, Jamie L and Young, Nicole A and Flaherty, David K and Kaas, Jon H},
+  journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
+  volume = {113},
+  number = {3},
+  year = {2016},
+  month = {Jan},
+  pages = {740-5},
+  abstract = {The density of cells and neurons in the neocortex of many mammals varies across cortical areas and regions. This variability is, perhaps, most pronounced in primates. Nonuniformity in the composition of cortex suggests regions of the cortex have different specializations. Specifically, regions with densely packed neurons contain smaller neurons that are activated by relatively few inputs, thereby preserving information, whereas regions that are less densely packed have larger neurons that have more integrative functions. Here we present the numbers of cells and neurons for 742 discrete locations across the neocortex in a chimpanzee. Using isotropic fractionation and flow fractionation methods for cell and neuron counts, we estimate that neocortex of one hemisphere contains 9.5 billion cells and 3.7 billion neurons. Primary visual cortex occupies 35 cm(2) of surface, 10% of the total, and contains 737 million densely packed neurons, 20% of the total neurons contained within the hemisphere. Other areas of high neuron packing include secondary visual areas, somatosensory cortex, and prefrontal granular cortex. Areas of low levels of neuron packing density include motor and premotor cortex. These values reflect those obtained from more limited samples of cortex in humans and other primates. },
+  keywords = {flow fractionator; isotropic fractionator; neuron density; primate neocortex; visual cortex; Aging; Animals; Cell Count; Female; Motor Cortex; Neocortex; Neurons; Pan troglodytes; Somatosensory Cortex; Visual Cortex; },
+  pubmed = {26729880},
+  pii = {1524208113},
+  doi = {10.1073/pnas.1524208113},
+  pmc = {PMC4725503},
+  url = {papers/Collins_ProcNatlAcadSciUSA2016-26729880.pdf},
+  nlmuniqueid = {7505876}
+}
+
+@article{Herculano-Houzel2014,
+  title = {The elephant brain in numbers.},
+  author = {Herculano-Houzel, Suzana and Avelino-de-Souza, Kamilla and Neves, Kleber and Porfírio, Jairo and Messeder, Débora and Mattos Feijó, Larissa and Maldonado, José and Manger, Paul R},
+  journal = {Front Neuroanat},
+  volume = {8},
+  year = {2014},
+  pages = {46},
+  abstract = {What explains the superior cognitive abilities of the human brain compared to other, larger brains? Here we investigate the possibility that the human brain has a larger number of neurons than even larger brains by determining the cellular composition of the brain of the African elephant. We find that the African elephant brain, which is about three times larger than the human brain, contains 257 billion (10(9)) neurons, three times more than the average human brain; however, 97.5% of the neurons in the elephant brain (251 billion) are found in the cerebellum. This makes the elephant an outlier in regard to the number of cerebellar neurons compared to other mammals, which might be related to sensorimotor specializations. In contrast, the elephant cerebral cortex, which has twice the mass of the human cerebral cortex, holds only 5.6 billion neurons, about one third of the number of neurons found in the human cerebral cortex. This finding supports the hypothesis that the larger absolute number of neurons in the human cerebral cortex (but not in the whole brain) is correlated with the superior cognitive abilities of humans compared to elephants and other large-brained mammals. },
+  pubmed = {24971054},
+  doi = {10.3389/fnana.2014.00046},
+  pmc = {PMC4053853},
+  url = {papers/Herculano-Houzel_FrontNeuroanat2014-24971054.pdf},
+  nlmuniqueid = {101477943}
+}
+
+
+@article{Kim2020,
+  title = {Extraction of Distinct Neuronal Cell Types from within a Genetically Continuous Population.},
+  author = {Kim, Euiseok J and Zhang, Zhuzhu and Huang, Ling and Ito-Cole, Tony and Jacobs, Matthew W and Juavinett, Ashley L and Senturk, Gokhan and Hu, Mo and Ku, Manching and Ecker, Joseph R and Callaway, Edward M},
+  journal = {Neuron},
+  volume = {107},
+  number = {2},
+  year = {2020},
+  month = {07},
+  pages = {274-282.e6},
+  abstract = {Single-cell transcriptomics of neocortical neurons have revealed more than 100 clusters corresponding to putative cell types. For inhibitory and subcortical projection neurons (SCPNs), there is a strong concordance between clusters and anatomical descriptions of cell types. In contrast, cortico-cortical projection neurons (CCPNs) separate into surprisingly few transcriptomic clusters, despite their diverse anatomical projection types. We used projection-dependent single-cell transcriptomic analyses and monosynaptic rabies tracing to compare mouse primary visual cortex CCPNs projecting to different higher visual areas. We find that layer 2/3 CCPNs with different anatomical projections differ systematically in their gene expressions, despite forming only a single genetic cluster. Furthermore, these neurons receive feedback selectively from the same areas to which they project. These findings demonstrate that gene-expression analysis in isolation is insufficient to identify neuron types and have important implications for understanding the functional role of cortical feedback circuits.},
+  keywords = {cell types; connectivity; cortico-cortical projection neurons; feedback circuits; rabies tracing; single-cell RNA sequencing; visual cortex; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Feedback; Female; Gene Expression; Gene Knock-In Techniques; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Neocortex; Nerve Net; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Rabies virus; Transcriptome; Visual Cortex; },
+  pubmed = {32396852},
+  pii = {S0896-6273(20)30310-X},
+  doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2020.04.018},
+  pmc = {PMC7381365},
+  mid = {NIHMS1587972},
+  url = {papers/Kim_Neuron2020-32396852.pdf},
+  nlmuniqueid = {8809320}
+}
+
+@article{Goldman1943,
+  title = {POTENTIAL, IMPEDANCE, AND RECTIFICATION IN MEMBRANES.},
+  author = {Goldman, D E},
+  journal = {J Gen Physiol},
+  volume = {27},
+  number = {1},
+  year = {1943},
+  month = {Sep},
+  pages = {37-60},
+  abstract = {Impedance and potential measurements have been made on a number of artificial membranes. Impedance changes were determined as functions of current and of the composition of the environmental solutions. It was shown that rectification is present in asymmetrical systems and that it increases with the membrane potential. The behavior in pairs of solutions of the same salt at different concentrations has formed the basis for the studies although a few experiments with different salts at the same concentrations gave results consistent with the conclusions drawn. A theoretical picture has been presented based on the use of the general kinetic equations for ion motion under the influence of diffusion and electrical forces and on a consideration of possible membrane structures. The equations have been solved for two very simple cases; one based on the assumption of microscopic electroneutrality, and the other on the assumption of a constant electric field. The latter was found to give better results than the former in interpreting the data on potentials and rectification, showing agreement, however, of the right order of magnitude only. Although the indications are that a careful treatment of boundary conditions may result in better agreement with experiment, no attempt has been made to carry this through since the data now available are not sufficiently complete or reproducible. Applications of the second theoretical case to the squid giant axon have been made showing qualitative agreement with the rectification properties and very good agreement with the membrane potential data.},
+  pubmed = {19873371},
+  doi = {10.1085/jgp.27.1.37},
+  url = {papers/Goldman_JGenPhysiol1943-19873371.pdf},
+  nlmuniqueid = {2985110R}
+}
+
+@article{Pickard1976,
+  title = {Generalizations of the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation},
+  journal = {Mathematical Biosciences},
+  volume = {30},
+  number = {1},
+  pages = {99-111},
+  year = {1976},
+  issn = {0025-5564},
+  doi = {10.1016/0025-5564(76)90018-3},
+  url = {papers/Pickard_MathBiosci1976.pdf},
+  author = {Pickard, William F},
+  abstract = {Closed-form expressions for the potential across a membrane are derived for a variety of cases. Among these are: (i) exact expressions for no electrogenic pump and (a) mixed uni- and divalent ions, (b) mixed uni-, di-, and tervalent ions, and (c) mixed univalent ions and a leak proportional to the membrane voltage; and (ii) approximate expressions for mixed univalent ions and a hyperpolarizing or weakly depolarizing electrogenic pump.}
+}
+
+@article{Spangler1972,
+  title = {Expansion of the constant field equation to include both divalent and monovalent ions.},
+  author = {Spangler, S G},
+  journal = {Ala J Med Sci},
+  volume = {9},
+  number = {2},
+  year = {1972},
+  month = {Apr},
+  pages = {218-23},
+  keywords = {Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Ions; Mathematics; Membranes; Permeability; },
+  pubmed = {5045041},
+  url = {},
+  nlmuniqueid = {0376521}
+}
+