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thru fall2018 lecture04

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neuroanatomy1.md
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Neuroscience is a field of scientific study that seeks to understand how the ner
<img src="figs/human-brain.svg" height="300px">
https://courses.pbsci.ucsc.edu/mcdb/bio125/
https://canvas.ucsc.edu/courses/16047/assignments/syllabus
Note:
@@ -22,34 +22,19 @@ Thus it will be you, and your children, and your children’s children that will
## Syllabus and text book
<div style="width:700px; padding:25px 0; float:left;"><a href="https://courses.pbsci.ucsc.edu/mcdb/bio125/">https://courses.pbsci.ucsc.edu/mcdb/bio125/</a></div>
<div style="width:250px; float:left;"><img src="figs/ScreenShot2016-01-04at3.59.29PM_dea1077.png" height="200px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
<div><a href="https://canvas.ucsc.edu/courses/16047/assignments/syllabus">https://canvas.ucsc.edu/courses/16047/assignments/syllabus</a></div>
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<div style="width:200px;"><img src="figs/ScreenShot2016-01-04at3.59.29PM_dea1077.png" height="200px"><figcaption>5e 2011</figcaption></div>
## Permission code requests
Just send me an email.
**subject line:**
```txt
permission code request: #biol125
```
**body:**
```txt
Id: 1234567
Name: First Last
Email: cruzid@ucsc.edu
Reason you cannot enroll: Brief description (one line).
```
<div style="width:250px;"><img src="figs/neuroscience6e.jpg" height="200px"><figcaption>6e 2017</figcaption></div>
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## Site keyboard bindings
<div style="font-size:0.8em">
<div></div>
* Navigate: arrow keys and `spacebar`
* Menu: `m`
* Fullscreen: `f`
@@ -61,7 +46,9 @@ Reason you cannot enroll: Brief description (one line).
<!-- * Print: `...neuroanatomy1.html?print-pdf` -->
Recommend browser is Chrome on a laptop/PC. Some features that only have keyboard bindings (e.g. fullscreen, overview) may not work or be disabled on tablet/touch screen devices.
Recommend browser is Firefox or Chrome on a laptop/PC. Some features that only have keyboard bindings (e.g. fullscreen, overview) may not work or be disabled on tablet/touch screen devices.
</div>
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@@ -340,12 +327,8 @@ Neurons in culture have specific endings. EM methods, dye filling experiments.
Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz (6 October 1836 – 23 January 1921) was a German anatomist and conceived the word 'neuron'.
Golgi in his nobel lecture:
>(3) The neuron is a physiological unit. This fundamental idea which Waldeyer
expressed with perfect precision has been enlarged upon both from
anatomical and functional sides with additional propositions, for example :
**The communication between neurons is only established by casual contact.
There is scarcely any nervous tissue apart from the neurons; the neurons are
also trophic units.**
>(3) The neuron is a physiological unit. This fundamental idea which Waldeyer expressed with perfect precision has been enlarged upon both from anatomical and functional sides with additional propositions, for example : **The communication between neurons is only established by casual contact. There is scarcely any nervous tissue apart from the neurons; the neurons are also trophic units.**
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@@ -437,10 +420,21 @@ afrotheria
</div>
<!--
<div style="width:300px; margin:0 25px; float:left;"><img src="figs/Fig_6852903.png" height="500px"><figcaption></figcaption></div>
-->
<!-- <figure><img src="figs/10-01_GlialCells_1_bddb845.jpg" height="100px"><figcaption></figcaption></figure> -->
<div style="width:300px; margin:0 25px; float:left;">
<figure><img src="figs/glia-astrocyte.svg" width="300px"><figcaption>[JA, CC0](https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)</figcaption></figure>
<div style="float:left;"><img src="figs/glia-oligodendrocyte.svg" width="150px"><figcaption>JA, CC0</figcaption></div>
<div><img src="figs/glia-schwann.svg" width="100px"><figcaption>JA, CC0</figcaption></div>
</div>
Note:
@@ -484,13 +478,13 @@ Paraphysis
Pineal gland
Endothelium of the choroid plexus
There is a positive relationship between lipid solubility and brain uptake of chemical compounds
There is a positive relationship between lipid solubility and brain uptake of chemical compounds:
- permeability of lipid soluble compounds is rapid (ethanol, nicotine, diazepam, THC)
- polar molecules (e.g. glycine and catecholamines) enter slowly across BBB
- gases and volatile anesthetics diffuse rapidly into the brain
blood—brain barrier permeability of CO2 greatly exceeds that of H+ thus pH of brain interstitial fluid reflect pCO2 rather than blood pH. Therefore a patient with metabolic acidosis may be brain alkalotic at teh same time.
blood—brain barrier permeability of CO2 greatly exceeds that of H+ thus pH of brain interstitial fluid reflect pCO2 rather than blood pH. Therefore a patient with metabolic acidosis may be brain alkalotic at the same time.
glucose is primary energy substrate of the brain. Nearly all oxygen consumption for the brain. GLUT-1 glucose transporters highly enriched in brain capillary endothelial cells. Since glucose is a polar substrate, this transporter facilitates its transport across the BBB.
@@ -500,6 +494,11 @@ water enters rapidly through diffusion.
<figure><img src="figs/Neurochemistry-fig32-1-BBB_5961e8a.jpg" height="100px"><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
See also review by [^Belanger:2011a] for info on energy dynamics between astrocytes-neurons.
[^Belanger:2011a]: Bélanger, M., Allaman, I., and Magistretti, P. J. (2011). Brain energy metabolism: focus on astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation, Cell Metab, 14(6), 724-38
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